Global threat from sea – dénouement ashore

Introduction In ‘Globalisation is to the Maritime as Oceans are to the World’, I argued that “fundamental to globalisation is the maritime, and that globalisation is based on free and open navigation of the high seas.”1The Navy, 2024. 86, No.4 (Oct-Dec) This article conjectures that when Freedom of Navigation is curtailed or threatened, direct/indirect tariffs rise and Globalisation ceases, as in Global 1.0 (1870–1913), ending in the First World War; Global 2.0 (1944–1973) and Global 3.0 (1989–2010). This article considers that maritime challenges to global order also represent moments of pote…